References May 2022 - issue 172

MYTH BUSTING WITH MADI by Madi Myers, RNutr

  1. Evelyn Tribole (2018). What is Intuitive Eating? Available at: https://www.evelyntribole.com/what-is-intuitive-eating/
  2. Hazzard et al (2021). Intuitive eating longitudinally predicts better psychological health and lower use of disordered eating behaviours: findings from EAT 2010-2018. Eat Weight Disord. (1):287-294. doi: 10.1007/s40519-020-00852-4
  3. Ciampolini et al (2010). Sustained self-regulation of energy intake: initial hunger improves insulin sensitivity. J Nutr Metab. 286952. doi: 10.1155/2010/28695-4


PUBLIC HEALTH MESSAGES by Farihah Choudhury ANutr

  1. Committee of Inquiry into the Future Development of the Public Health Function. (1988). Public health in England: Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Future Development of the Public Health Function (Cm. 289). London: The Stationery Office.
  2. Winslow, C. E. A. 1923. The Evolution and Significance of the Modern Public Health Campaign. Journal of Public Health Policy, South Burlington, Vt
  3. Uay (2007) Understanding public health nutrition. Available: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(07)61145-3/fulltext
  4. ONS (2016) Percentage of girls under 16 and under 18 becoming pregnant, England and Wales, 1969 to 2014 Available: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/conceptionandfertilityrates/articles/teenagepregnanciesperceptionversusreality/2016-03-09
  5. University of Cambridge (2020) Townscapes: 4. England’s Health Inequalities Available: https://www.bennettinstitute.cam.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Townscapes_Englands_Health_Inequalities_May_2020.pdf
  6. UK (2020) Health matters: public health issues. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/health-matters-public-health-issues
  7. UK (2016) Health matters: harmful drinking and alcohol dependence. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/health-matters-harmful-drinking-and-alcohol-dependence/health-matters-harmful-drinking-and-alcohol-dependence
  8. NHS Digital (2019) Alcohol. Available: http://healthsurvey.hscic.gov.uk/data-visualisation/data-visualisation/explore-the-trends/alcohol.aspx
  9. RSPH (2019) Top 20 public health achievements of the 21st century. Available: https://www.rsph.org.uk/about-us/news/top-20-public-health-achievements-of-the-21st-century.html
  10. UK (2017) Health matters: child dental health. Preventing tooth decay Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/health-matters-child-dental-health/health-matters-child-dental-health
  11. Public Health England (2019). Sugar reduction: Report on progress between 2015 and 2018. Sept 2019. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/839756/Sugar_reduction_yr2_progress_report.pdf
  12. Breastfeeding rates in the UK. Available: https://www.unicef.org.uk/babyfriendly/about/breastfeeding-in-the-uk/
  13. Government White Paper. Levelling Up the United Kingdom. 2 February 2022 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1052708/Levelling_up_the_UK_white_paper.pdf

INSULIN RESISTANCE by Vanessa Rojas El Yammouni, RD

  1. Wilcox G. Insulin and Insulin Resistance. The Clinical and Biochemestry Reviews. 2005 May; 26(2): 19-39. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1204764/
  2. Garmendia F, Pando R, Torres W et al. Metabolismo postprandial en adultos mayores normales de nivel del mar. An Fac Med Lima. 2003; 64(2): 107-111
  3. Celermajer D, Sorensen K, Spiegelhalter D et al. Ageing is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy men years before the age-related decline in women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 24: 471-476.
  4. Couillard C, Bergeron N, Prud’homme D et al. Gender difference in postprandial lipemia importance of visceral adipose tissue accumulation. Atheros thromb vasc biol. 1999; 19: 2448-2455
  5. Reaven G. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 1988; 37: 1595
  6. Reaven G. Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human disease. Physiol Rev. 1995 Jul; 75(3): 473-86
  7. Caro J. Insulin resistance in obese and nonobese man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991; 73: 691
  8. Kulkarni RN. The islet betal-cell. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004; 36:365-71. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14687913/
  9. Festa A y col. Differences in insulin resistance in nondiabetic subjects with isolated impaired glucose tolerance or isolated impaired fasting glucose. Diabetes. 2004; 53: 1549-1555
  10. Andrea M Caricilli, Mario JA Saad. The Role of Gut Microbiota on Insulin Resistance. 2013 Mar; 5(3): 829-851. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705322/
  11. Unger JW, Betz M. Insulin receptors and signal transduction proteins in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system: our view on morphological findings and functional implications. Histol Histopathol. 1998; 13: 1215-24. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9810512/
  12. Gerich J. Metabolic abnormalities in impaired glucose tolerance. 1997. Metabolism. 46: 40-43, 1997
  13. Abdul-Ghani M et al. The relationship between fasting hyperglycemia and insulin secretion in subjects with normal or impaired glucose tolerance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 295: E401-E406
  14. Giannini C, Weiss R, Cali A et al. Evidence for early defects in insulin sensitivity and secretion before the onset of glucose dysregulation in obese youths: a longitudinal study. Diabetes. 2012; 61: 606-614. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22315322/
  15. Ferrannini E y col. Predominant role of reduced ß-cell sensitivity to glucose over insulin resistance in impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetologia. 2003; 46: 1211-1219. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12879253/
  16. Mario B and Ligia J D. Magnesium and type 2 diabetes. World Journal of Diabetes. 2015 Aug 25; 6(10): 1152-1157. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4549665/
  17. Davis N, Tomuta N, Schechter C, Isasi C, Segal-Isaacson C, Stein D, Zonszein J, Wylie-Rosett J. Comparative study of the effects of a 1-year dietary intervention of a low-carbohydrate diet versus a low-fat diet on weight and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32: 1147-1152. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19366978/


THE GUT MICROBIOME: DIET AND DIVERSITY by Magdalena Marciniak, RD

  1. Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, Nielsen T, Pons N, Levenez F, Yamada T, Mende DR, Li J, Xu J, Li S, Li D, Cao J, Wang B, Liang H, Zheng H, Xie Y, Wang J (2010). A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature, 464 (7285), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08821
  2. Goodrich JK, Davenport ER, Beaumont M, Jackson MA, Knight R, Ober C, Spector TD, Bell JT, Clark AG, Ley RE (2016). Genetic Determinants of the Gut Microbiome in UK Twins. Cell host & microbe, 19(5), 731-743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2016.04.017
  3. Gill SR, Pop M, Deboy RT, Eckburg PB, Turnbaugh PJ, Samuel BS, Gordon JI, Relman DA, Fraser-Liggett CM, Nelson KE (2006). Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science (New York, N.Y.), 312(5778), 1355-1359. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1124234
  4. Zoetendal EG, von Wright A, Vilpponen-Salmela T, Ben-Amor K, Akkermans AD, de Vos WM (2002). Mucosa-associated bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract are uniformly distributed along the colon and differ from the community recovered from feces. Applied and environmental microbiology, 68(7), 3401-3407. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.7.3401-3407.2002
  5. Clemente JC, Ursell LK, Parfrey LW, Knight R (2012). The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view. Cell, 148(6), 1258-1270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.035
  6. Sekirov I, Russell SL, Antunes LC, Finlay BB (2010). Gut microbiota in health and disease. Physiological reviews, 90(3), 859-904. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00045.2009
  7. Tilg H, Moschen AR (2014). Microbiota and diabetes: an evolving relationship. Gut, 63(9): 1513-21. doi:1136/gutjnl-2014-306928
  8. Blaser MJ, Perez-Perez GI, Kleanthous H, Cover TL, Peek RM, Chyou PH, Stemmermann GN, Nomura A (1995). Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains possessing cagA is associated with an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cancer research, 55(10), 2111-2115
  9. McFarland LV (2006). Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease. The American journal of gastroenterology, 101(4), 812-822. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00465.x
  10. Valles-Colomer M, Falony G, Darzi Y, Tigchelaar EF, Wang J, Tito RY, Schiweck C, Kurilshikov A, Joossens M, Wijmenga C, Claes S, Van Oudenhove L, Zhernakova A, Vieira-Silva S, Raes J (2019). The neuroactive potential of the human gut microbiota in quality of life and depression. Nature microbiology, 4(4), 623-632. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0337-x
  11. Magill SS, O'Leary E, Janelle SJ, Thompson DL, Dumyati G, Nadle J, Wilson LE, Kainer MA, Lynfield R, Greissman S, Ray SM, Beldavs Z, Gross C, Bamberg W, Sievers M, Concannon C, Buhr N, Warnke L, Maloney M, Ocampo V. Emerging Infections Program Hospital Prevalence Survey Team (2018). Changes in Prevalence of Health Care-Associated Infections in US Hospitals. The New England journal of medicine, 379(18), 1732-1744. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1801550
  12. Khanna S, Pardi DS, Aronson, S. L., Kammer, P. P., Orenstein, R., St Sauver, J. L., Harmsen, W. S., & Zinsmeister, A. R. (2012). The epidemiology of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: a population-based study.The American journal of gastroenterology, 107(1), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2011.398
  13. Manichanh, C., Borruel, N., Casellas, F., & Guarner, F. (2012). The gut microbiota in IBD.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 9(10), 599–608. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2012.152
  14. Menni, C., Jackson, M. A., Pallister, T., Steves, C. J., Spector, T. D., & Valdes, A. M. (2017). Gut microbiome diversity and high-fibre intake are related to lower long-term weight gain.International journal of obesity (2005), 41(7), 1099–1105. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.66
  15. Goodrich, J. K., Waters, J. L., Poole, A. C., Sutter, J. L., Koren, O., Blekhman, R., Beaumont, M., Van Treuren, W., Knight, R., Bell, J. T., Spector, T. D., Clark, A. G., & Ley, R. E. (2014). Human genetics shape the gut microbiome.Cell, 159(4), 789–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.053
  16. Beaumont, M., Goodrich, J.K., Jackson, M.A.et al.(2016). Heritable components of the human fecal microbiome are associated with visceral fat. Genome Biol 17,  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-016-1052-7
  17. Tilg H., Moschen A.R. (2014). Microbiota and diabetes: an evolving relationship. Gut, 63(9):1513-21. doi:1136/gutjnl-2014-306928
  18. Leeming E.R, Johnson A.J, Spector T. (2019). Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration. Nutrients, 11(12):2862. doi:3390/nu11122862
  19. Spector, T., Asnicar, F., Berry, S., Valdes, A., Franks, P., Wolf, J., Hadjigeorgiou, G., Roy, C. L., Leeming, E., Drew, D., Nguyen, L., Mazidi, M., Chan, A., & Segata, N. (2020). Microbiome Signatures of Nutrients, Foods and Dietary Patterns: Potential for Personalized Nutrition from The PREDICT 1 Study. Current Developments in Nutrition, 4(Suppl 2), 1587. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa062_044
  20. Vadiveloo M., Dixon L.B., Mijanovich T. et al. (2014). Development and evaluation of the US Healthy Food Diversity index. British Journal of Nutrition, 112(9):1562-74. doi:1017/S0007114514002049
  21. Guenther P.M, Casavale K., Reedy J. et al. (2013). Update of the Healthy Eating Index: HEI-2010. J Acad Nutr Diet, 113(4):569-80. doi:1016/j.jand.2012.12.016 
  22. Fung T.T, McCullough M.L, Newby P.K et al. (2005). Diet-quality scores and plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82(1):163-73. doi:1093/ajcn/82.1.163
  23. Berry S., Ordovas J., Asnicar F. et al. (2020). Influence of Gut Microbial Communities on Fasting and Postprandial Lipids and Circulating Metabolites: The PREDICT 1 Study. Current Developments in Nutrition. 4(s2):1547. doi:1093/cdn/nzaa062_004
  24. Maier, L., & Typas, A. (2017). Systematically investigating the impact of medication on the gut microbiome. Current opinion in microbiology, 39, 128–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2017.11.001
  25. Thomson, C., Garcia, A., Edwards,C. (2021). Interactions between dietary fibre and the gut microbiota. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 80(4), 398-408. doi:10.1017/S0029665121002834
  26. Beam, A., Clinger, E., & Hao, L. (2021). Effect of Diet and Dietary Components on the Composition of the Gut Microbiota.Nutrients, 13(8), 2795. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082795
  27. Tebani, A., & Bekri, S. (2019). Paving the Way to Precision Nutrition Through Metabolomics.Frontiers in nutrition, 6, 41. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00041
  28. Liu, F., Li, P., Chen, M., Luo, Y., Prabhakar, M., Zheng, H., He, Y., Qi, Q., Long, H., Zhang, Y., Sheng, H., & Zhou, H. (2017). Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and Galactooligosaccharide (GOS) Increase Bifidobacterium but Reduce Butyrate Producing Bacteria with Adverse Glycemic Metabolism in healthy young population.Scientific reports, 7(1), 11789. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10722-2
  29. Zierer, J., Jackson, M. A., Kastenmüller, G., Mangino, M., Long, T., Telenti, A., Mohney, R. P., Small, K. S., Bell, J. T., Steves, C. J., Valdes, A. M., Spector, T. D., & Menni, C. (2018). The fecal metabolome as a functional readout of the gut microbiome.Nature genetics, 50(6), 790–795. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0135-7
  30. McDonald, D., Hyde, E., Debelius, J. W., Morton, J. T., Gonzalez, A., Ackermann, G., Aksenov, A. A., Behsaz, B., Brennan, C., Chen, Y., DeRight Goldasich, L., Dorrestein, P. C., Dunn, R. R., Fahimipour, A. K., Gaffney, J., Gilbert, J. A., Gogul, G., Green, J. L., Hugenholtz, P., Humphrey, G., … Knight, R. (2018). American Gut: an Open Platform for Citizen Science Microbiome Research.mSystems, 3(3), e00031-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00031-18
  31. Tun, H. M., Konya, T., Takaro, T. K., Brook, J. R., Chari, R., Field, C. J., Guttman, D. S., Becker, A. B., Mandhane, P. J., Turvey, S. E., Subbarao, P., Sears, M. R., Scott, J. A., Kozyrskyj, A. L., & CHILD Study Investigators (2017). Exposure to household furry pets influences the gut microbiota of infant at 3-4 months following various birth scenarios.Microbiome, 5(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0254-x


MENOPAUSE: SYMPTOMS AND NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS by Kelly Light, ANutr

  1. Minkin MJ (2019). Menopause: Hormones, Lifestyle, and Optimizing Aging. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 46(3), 501-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2019.04.008
  2. – NHS (2020). Menopause. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/menopause/
  3. - Ko SH and Kim HS (2020). Menopause-Associated Lipid Metabolic Disorders and Foods Beneficial for Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients, 12(1), 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010202
  4. Memon FR, Jonker L and Qazi RA (2014). Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards menopause among highly educated Asian women in their midlife. Post Reproductive Health, 20(4), 138-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053369114557510
  5. - Kwak EK, Park HS and Kang NM (2014). Menopause Knowledge, Attitude, Symptom and Management among Midlife Employed Women. Journal of menopausal medicine, 20(3), 118-125. https://doi.org/10.6118/jmm.2014.20.3.118
  6. – Patel V, Koshy S, Ravindra HN (2014). Effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding menopausal symptoms and its management among women. IOSR J NursHealth Sci, 3, 22-6
  7. – CIPD (nd). Let’s talk menopause. https://www.cipd.co.uk/knowledge/culture/well-being/menopause#gref
  8. – BDA (2019). Menopause and diet. https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/menopause-diet.html
  9. -Mastorakos G, Valsamakis G, Paltoglou G, Creatsas G (2010). Management of obesity in menopause: diet, exercise, pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery. Maturitas, 65(3), 219-224
  10. - Rizzoli R, Bischoff-Ferrari H, Dawson-Hughes B, Weaver C (2014). Nutrition and Bone Health in Women after the Menopause. Women’s Health, 599-608. https://doi.org/10.2217/WHE.14.40


NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND COELIAC DISEASE by Rebecca Gasche, RD

  1. Coeliac UK (no date). About Coeliac Disease. Retrieved from https://www.coeliac.org.uk/information-and-support/coeliac-disease/about-coeliac-disease/
  2. Biesiekierski J (2017). What is gluten? Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 32, p78-81
  3. Lomer M and Stuart A (2014). Advanced nutrition and dietetics in gastroenterology. Chichester, England: Wiley Blackwell
  4. Coeliac UK (no date). Conditions Linked to Coeliac Disease. Retrieved from https://www.coeliac.org.uk/information-and-support/coeliac-disease/conditions-linked-to-coeliac-disease/
  5. Zelnik N, Pacht A, Obeid R et al (2004). Range of neurologic disorders in patients with celiac disease. Pediatrics 113, 1672-1676
  6. Coeliac UK (no date). Neurological Conditions. Retrieved from https://www.coeliac.org.uk/information-and-support/coeliac-disease/conditions-linked-to-coeliac-disease/neurological-conditions/
  7. Fasano A (2003). Celiac disease: how to handle a clinical chameleon. New Engl J Med 348, 2568-2570
  8. Hadjivassiliou M, Martindale J, Shanmugarajah P, Grünewald RA, Sarrigiannis PG, Beauchamp N, Garrard K, Warburton R, Sanders DS, Friend D, Duty S, Taylor J, Hoggard N (2017). Causes of progressive cerebellar ataxia: prospective evaluation of 1500 patients. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 88(4), 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2016-314863
  9. Cicarelli G, Della Rocca G, Amboni M, Ciacci C, Mazzacca G, Filla A, Barone P (2003). Clinical and neurological abnormalities in adult celiac disease. Neurol Sci. 2003 Dec; 24(5): 311-7
  10. Campagna G, Pesce M, Tatangelo R, Rizzuto A, La Fratta I, Grilli A (2017). The progression of coeliac disease: Its neurological and psychiatric implications. Nutrition Research Reviews, 30(1), 25-35. doi:10.1017/S0954422416000214)
  11. Hadjivassiliou M, Rao DG, Grìnewald RA, Aeschlimann DP, Sarrigiannis PG, Hoggard N, Aeschlimann P, Mooney PD, Sanders DS (2016). Neurological Dysfunction in Coeliac Disease and Non-Coeliac Gluten Sensitivity. The American journal of gastroenterology, 111(4), 561-567. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2015.434
  12. Boscolo S, Lorenzon A, Sblattero D, Florian F, Stebel M, Marzari R, Not T, Aeschlimann D, Ventura A, Hadjivassiliou M, Tongiorgi E(2010). Anti-transglutaminase antibodies cause ataxia in mice. E PLoS One, 5(3): e9698
  13. National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (2015). Coeliac disease: recognition, assessment and management NICE guideline [NG20]. Retrieved from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng20)
  14. Hadjivassiliou M, Mäki M, Sanders DS et al (2006). Autoantibody targeting of brain and intestinal transglutaminase in gluten ataxia. Neurology 66, 373-377
  15. Kaplan JG, Pack D, Horoupian D, DeSouza T, Brin M, Schaumburg H (1988). Distal axonopathy associated with chronic gluten enteropathy: a treatable disorder. Neurology, 38(4): 642-5
  16. Luostarinen L, Himanen SL, Luostarinen M, Collin P, Pirttilä TJ (2003). Neuromuscular and sensory disturbances in patients with well treated coeliac disease. Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 74(4): 490-4
  17. Tursi A, Giorgetti GM, Iani C et al (2006). Peripheral neurological disturbances, autonomic dysfunction, and antineuronal antibodies in adult coeliac disease before and after a gluten-free diet. Dig Dis Sci 51, 1869-1874
  18. Bürk K, Melms A, Schulz JB, Dichgans J (2001). Effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in cerebellar ataxia associated with gluten sensitivity. Ann Neurol; 50: 827-8
  19. Anandacoomaraswamy D, Ullal J, Vinik AI (2008). A 70-year-old male with peripheral neuropathy, ataxia and antigliadin antibodies shows improvement in neuropathy, but not ataxia, after intravenous immunoglobulin and gluten-free diet. J Multidiscip Healthc; 1: 93-6
  20. Du Y, Shan LF, Cao ZZ, Feng JC and Cheng Y (2017). Prevalence of coeliac disease in patients with Down syndrome: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget, 9(4), 5387-5396. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.23624
  21. l-Bluwi Ghada SM, Al-Nababteh Asma H, Östlundh Linda, Al-Shamsi Saif, Al-Rifai Rami H (2021). Prevalence of Coeliac Disease in Patients with Turner Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Medicine. Vol 8. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmed.2021.674896. DOI=10.3389/fmed.2021.674896


RECONCILING LOW-CARB DIETS WITH HEALTHY CIRCULATING CHOLESTEROL LEVELS by Laury Sellem BSc, MSc, PhD candidate

  1. Denke MA (2001). Metabolic effects of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets. American Journal of Cardiology 88: 59-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(01)01586-7
  2. The History of Low Carb – Dietetically Speaking. https://dieteticallyspeaking.com/the-history-of-low-carb/. Accessed 12 Apr 2022
  3. Oh R, Gilani B, Uppaluri KR (2022). Low-Carbohydrate Diet. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)
  4. Clinical Uses for Low-Carbohydrate Diets – Dietetically Speaking. https://dieteticallyspeaking.com/clinical-uses-for-low-carbohydrate-diets/. Accessed 12 Apr 2022
  5. Fitzgerald M (2014). Diet Cults. Simon and Schuster
  6. Goldenberg JZ, Day A, Brinkworth GD et al (2021). Efficacy and safety of low- and very low-carbohydrate diets for type 2 diabetes remission: systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished randomised trial data. BMJ 372:m4743. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4743
  7. Snorgaard O, Poulsen GM, Andersen HK, Astrup A (2017). Systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care 5:e000354. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000354
  8. Low-carbohydrate diets for the management of Type 2 Diabetes in adults. https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/low-carbohydrate-diets-for-the-management-of-type-2-diabetes-in-adults.html. Accessed 12 Apr 2022
  9. Ruan Y, Chen L, She D et al (2022). Ketogenic diet for epilepsy: an overview of systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-021-01060-8
  10. CVD STATISTICS – BHF UK FACTSHEET (2018). British Heart Foundation, London, UK
  11. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) (2019) Report on Saturated fats and health. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/814995/SACN_report_on_saturated_fat_and_health.pdf
  12. Griffin BA, Mensink RP, Lovegrove JA (2021). Does variation in serum LDL-cholesterol response to dietary fatty acids help explain the controversy over fat quality and cardiovascular disease risk? Atherosclerosis 328: 108-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.024
  13. Buttriss JL (2016). The Eatwell Guide refreshed. Nutrition Bulletin 41:135-141. https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12211
  14. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) (2015). Carbohydrates and Health
  15. Public Health England (2020). National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling programme Years 9 to 11 (2016/2017 to 2018/2019). 29. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/943114/NDNS_UK_Y9-11_report.pdf
  16. Aune D, Chan DSM, Lau R et al (2011). Dietary fibre, wholegrains and risk of colorectal cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 343:d6617. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d6617
  17. Ojo O, Feng Q-Q, Ojo OO, Wang X-H (2020). The Role of Dietary Fibre in Modulating Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Nutrients 12:E3239. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113239
  18. Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM (1999). Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fibre: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 69: 30-42. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/69.1.30
  19. Threapleton DE, Greenwood DC, Evans CEL et al (2013). Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 347: f6879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f6879
  20. Stanols and Sterols. https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/food-facts-plant-stanols-and-sterols.html. Accessed 13 Apr 2022
  21. Morton GM, Lee SM, Buss DH, Lawrance P (1995). Intakes and major dietary sources of cholesterol and phytosterols in the British diet. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 8: 429-440 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-277X.1995.tb00338.x
  22. Blanco Mejia S, Messina M, Li SS et al (2019). A Meta-Analysis of 46 Studies Identified by the FDA Demonstrates that Soy Protein Decreases Circulating LDL and Total Cholesterol Concentrations in Adults. J Nutr 149: 968-981. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz020
  23. Demonty I, Ras RT, van der Knaap HCM et al (2009). Continuous dose-response relationship of the LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of phytosterol intake. J Nutr 139: 271-284. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.095125
  24. Public Health England (2021). McCance and Widdowson’s The Composition of Foods Integrated Dataset (CoFID) 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/composition-of-foods-integrated-dataset-cofid
  25. Cho S-J, Juillerat MA, Lee C-H (2007). Cholesterol lowering mechanism of soybean protein hydrolysate. J Agric Food Chem 55: 10599-10604. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf071903f
  26. Ashwell M (1991). The COMA Report on Dietary Reference Values. Nutr Bull 16: 132-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.1991.tb01046.x


DYSPHAGIA AND THE AIRWAY by Sandra Robinson, HCPCReg, MRCSLT, MASLTIP

  1. Leslie P, Carding PN, Wilson JA (2003). Investigation and management of chronic dysphagia. BMJ 326, 433-436. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7386.433
  2. RCSLT (2021). Dysphagia guidance – characteristics. [online]. Available at: https://www.rcslt.org/members/clinical-guidance/dysphagia/dysphagia-guidance/#section-4 [Accessed 24 July 2021]
  3. Ashford JR (2005). Pneumonia: Factors Beyond Aspiration. Perspect Swal Swal Dis (Dysph) 14, 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1044/sasd14.1.10
  4. Pitts T, Rose MJ, Mortensen AN, Poliacek I, Sapienza CM, Lindsey BG, Morris KF, Davenport PW, Bolser DC (2013). Coordination of cough and swallow: A meta-behavioral response to aspiration. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 189, 543-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2013.08.009
  5. Chang C-Y, Cheng T-J, Lin C-Y, Chen J-Y, Lu T-H, Kawachi I (2013). Reporting of Aspiration Pneumonia or Choking as a Cause of Death in Patients who Died with Stroke. Stroke 44, 1182-1185. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000663
  6. Rosenbek JC, Robbins JA, Roecker EB, Coyle JL, Wood JL (1996). A penetration-aspiration scale. Dysphagia 11, 93-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00417897
  7. Bath PM, Lee HS, Everton LF (2018). Swallowing therapy for dysphagia in acute and subacute stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000323.pub3
  8. Gleeson K, Maxwell SL, Eggli DF (1997). Quantitative Aspiration During Sleep in Normal Subjects. CHEST 111, 1266-1272. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.111.5.1266
  9. Bock JM, Varadarajan V, Brawley MC, Blumin JH (2017). Evaluation of the natural history of patients who aspirate. The Laryngoscope 127, S1-S10. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.26854
  10. Rosenbek JC et al (1996)
  11. Hårdemark cedborg AI, Bodén K, Witt Hedström H, Kuylenstierna R, Ekberg O, Eriksson LI, Sundman E (2010). Breathing and swallowing in normal man – effects of changes in body position, bolus types and respiratory drive: coordination of breathing and swallowing. Neurogastroenterology & Motility 22, 1201-e316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01551.x
  12. Gaeckle M, Domahs F, Kartmann A, Tomandl B, Frank U (2019). Predictors of Penetration-Aspiration in Parkinson’s Disease Patients with Dysphagia: A Retrospective Analysis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 128, 728-735. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003489419841398
  13. Pitts T, Rose MJ, Mortensen AN, Poliacek I, Sapienza CM, Lindsey BG, Morris KF, Davenport PW, Bolser DC (2013). Coordination of cough and swallow: A meta-behavioral response to aspiration. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 189, 543-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2013.08.009
  14. Polverino M, Polverino F, Fasolino M, Andò F, Alfieri A, De Blasio F (2012). Anatomy and neuro-pathophysiology of the cough reflex arc. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine 7, 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-6958-7-5
  15. McCool FD (2006). Global Physiology and Pathophysiology of Cough: ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. CHEST 129, 48S-53S. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.48S
  16. Makhnevich A (2019). Aspiration Pneumonia in Older Adults. J Hosp Med 14, 429. https://doi.org/10.12788/jhm.3154
  17. Miles A, McFarlane M, Scott S, Hunting A (2018). Cough response to aspiration in thin and thick fluids during FEES in hospitalised inpatients. Int J Lang Commun Disord 53, 909-918. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12401
  18. NHS (2017). Chest infection [WWW Document]. nhs.uk. URL https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chest-infection/ (accessed 2.9.22)
  19. NHSInform, nd. Chest infection [WWW Document]. URL https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/chest-infection (accessed 2.9.22)
  20. Langmore SE, Terpenning MS, Schork A, Chen Y, Murray JT, Lopatin D, Loesche WJ (1998). Predictors of Aspiration Pneumonia: How Important Is Dysphagia? Dysphagia 13, 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00009559
  21. Marik PE (2001). Aspiration Pneumonitis and Aspiration Pneumonia. N Engl J Med 344, 665-671. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200103013440908
  22. Jurado RL, Franco-Paredes C (2001). Aspiration pneumonia: a misnomer. Clin Infect Dis 33, 1612-1613. https://doi.org/10.1086/323016
  23. Logemann JA, Gensler G, Robbins JA, Lindblad AS, Brandt D, Hind J A, Kosek S, Dikeman K, Kazandjian M, Gramigna GD, Lundy D, McGarvey-Toler S, Miller Gardner PJ (2008). A Randomised Study of Three Interventions for Aspiration of Thin Liquids in Patients with Dementia or Parkinson’s Disease. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 51, 173-183. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2008/013)
  24. Robbins J, Gensler G, Hind J, Logemann JA, Lindblad AS, Brand D, Baum H, Lilienfeld D, Kosek S, Lundy D, Dikeman K, Kazandjian M, Gramigna GD, McGarvey-Toler S, Gardner PJM (2008). Comparison of 2 Interventions for Liquid Aspiration on Pneumonia Incidence; a Randomised Trial. Ann Intern Med 148, 509-518.
  25. Chang et al (2013). Chang CY, Cheng TJ, Lin CY, Chen JY, Lu TH, Kawachi I. Reporting of aspiration pneumonia or choking as a cause of death in patients who died with stroke. Stroke. 2013 Apr; 44(4): 1182-5. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000663. Epub 2013 Feb 28. PMID: 23449262
  26. St John Ambulance (2021). What to do if an adult is choking [WWW Document]. URL https://www.sja.org.uk/get-advice/first-aid-advice/choking/adult-choking/ (accessed 2.9.22).
  27. Kramarow E, Warner M and Chen LH (2014). Food-related choking deaths among the elderly. Injury prevention: Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention, 20(3), 200-203. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2013-040795
  28. Dupont A, Mortensen PB (1998). Avoidable death in a cohort of severely mentally retarded. In: Fraser W, editor. Key issues in mental retardation research. London and New York: Routledge
  29. Hampshire safeguarding Adults Board (2012). Reducing the risk of choking for people with a learning disability. A multi-agency review in Hampshire. Hampshire County Council Adult Services Department, UK
  30. CE Safety (2019). Report: The Un-Usual Suspects – Main Causes of Choking Deaths in the UK 2019. Online at: https://cesafety.co.uk/choking-deaths-report-2019/ [Accessed May 2021]
  31. Cichero J (2018). Age-Related Changes to Eating and Swallowing Impact Frailty: Aspiration, Choking Risk, Modified Food Texture and Autonomy of Choice. Geriatrics 3, 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics3040069
  32. Illustration from: Chang RYK, Kwok PCL, Ghassabian S, Brannan JD, Koskela HO, Chan H-K (2020). Cough as an adverse effect on inhalation pharmaceutical products. British Journal of Pharmacology 177, 4096-4112. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15197


CHILDHOOD OBESITY: WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE? by Hazel Windsor-Aubrey, RD

  1. OECD (2017). Obesity and the economics of prevention: Fit not fat-United Kingdom (England) key facts. Available: https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/obesityandtheeconomicsofpreventionfitnotfat-unitedkingdomenglandkeyfacts.htm. Last accessed 19/03/22.
  2. Cote AT, Harris KC, Panagiotopoulos C et al. Childhood obesity and cardiovascular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 62(15): 1309-1319
  3. Lloyd LJ, Langley-Evans SC, McMullen S. Childhood obesity and risk of the adult metabolic syndrome: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012; 36(1): 1-11
  4. Bacha F, Gidding SS. Cardiac abnormalities in youth with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2016; 16(7): 62. doi: 10.1007/s11892-016-0750-6
  5. Mohanan S, Tapp H, McWilliams A, Dulin M. Obesity and asthma: pathophysiology and implications for diagnosis and management in primary care. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2014; 239(11): 1531-40
  6. Narang I, Mathew JL. Childhood obesity and obstructive sleep apnea. J Nutr Metab. 2012; doi: 10.1155/2012/134202
  7. Pollock NK. Childhood obesity, bone development and cardiometabolic risk factors. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015; 410: 52-63. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.03.016
  8. Africa JA, Newton KP, Schwimmer JB. Lifestyle interventions including nutrition, exercise and supplements for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children. Dig Dis Sci. 2016; 61(5): 1375-1386
  9. Morrison KM, Shin S, Tarnopolsky M et al. Association of depression and health related quality of life with body composition in children and youth with obesity. Journal of Affective Disorders 2015; 172: 18-23
  10. Halfon N, Kandyce L, Slusser W. Associations between obesity and comorbid mental health, developmental and physical health conditions in a nationally representative sample of US children aged 10 to 17. Academic Pediatrics. 2013; 13.1: 6-13
  11. Beck AR. Psychosocial aspects of obesity. NASN Sch Nurse. 2016; 31(1): 23-27
  12. Bösch S et al (2018). Taking Action on Childhood Obesity. World Health Organisation and World Obesity Federation, Geneva
  13. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD: 2019). The Heavy Burden of Obesity: The Economics of Prevention. OECD Paris. https://www.oecd.org/health/the-heavy-burden-of-obesity-67450d67-en.htm
  14. Obesity and the Economics of Prevention: Fit not Fat - United Kingdom (England) Key Facts. https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/obesityandtheeconomicsofpreventionfitnotfat-unitedkingdomenglandkeyfacts.htm
  15. National Child Measurement Programme (2021). National Child Measurement Programme, England 2020/2021 school year. Available: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/national-child-measurement-programme/2020-21-school-year/deprivation. Last accessed 19/03/21
  16. Dr Sheila Shribman and Kate Bilingham (2009). Healthy child programme: Pregnancy and the first 5 years of life. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/healthy-child-programme-pregnancy-and-the-first-5-years-of-life. Last accessed 19/03/22
  17. Better Health Start for Life. Available: https://www.nhs.uk/start4life/. Last accessed 19/03/22
  18. Fogarty AW, Antoniak M, Venn AJ, Davies L, Goodwin A, Salfield N et al. Does participation in a population-based dietary intervention scheme have a lasting impact on fruit intake in young children? Int J Epidemiol. 2007; 36(5): 1080-5
  19. Bere E, Hilsen M, Klepp KI. Effect of the nationwide free school fruit scheme in Norway. Br J Nutr. 2010; 104(4): 589-94
  20. Øvrebø B, Stea TH, Bergh IH, Bere E, Surén P et al (2022). A nationwide school fruit and vegetable policy and childhood and adolescent overweight: A quasi-natural experimental study. PLOS Medicine 19(1): e1003881
  21. Evans CEL, Harper CE (2009). A history and review of school meal standards in the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 22 (2), 89-99
  22. Dimbleby H and Vincent J (2013). The School Food Plan. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-school-food-plan. Last accessed 19/03/22
  23. NFU (2020). Latest on EU school milk scheme . Available: https://www.nfuonline.com/archive?treeid=144984. Last accessed 19/03/22
  24. 24 Bogin B (1998). Milk and human development: an essay on the 'Milk Hypothesis'. Antropologia Portuguesa. 15 (1), 23-36
  25. National Institute for Health and Care excellence (NICE) (2010a). PH 25 Prevention of cardiovascular disease: guidance. Available at http://guidance.nice.org.uk/PH25/Guidance/doc/English
  26. Brown T, Moore THM, Hooper L, Gao Y, Zayegh A, Ijaz S, Elwenspoek M, Foxen SC, Magee L, O'Malley C, Waters E, Summerbell CD. Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 7
  27. uk (2017). Childhood Obesity: A plan for action. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/childhood-obesity-a-plan-for-action/childhood-obesity-a-plan-for-action. Last accessed 19/03/22
  28. WHO (2016). Report on the commission on ending childhood obesity. Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241510066. Last accessed 19/03/22
  29. Shrimpton R, Rokx C (2012). The Double Burden of Malnutrition. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/27417/795250WP0Doubl00Box037737900PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Last accessed 19/03/22.
  30. Department for Education (last updated Aug 2021). School food in England. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/standards-for-school-food-in-england/school-food-in-england
  31. Department of Health and Social Care (2021). Introducing further advertising restrictions on TV and online for products high in fat, salt and sugar: government response. https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/further-advertising-restrictions-for-products-high-in-fat-salt-and-sugar/outcome/introducing-further-advertising-restrictions-on-tv-and-online-for-products-high-in-fat-salt-and-sugar-government-response
  32. Narzisi K, Simons J. Interventions that prevent or reduce obesity in children from birth to five years of age: A systematic review. J Child Health Care. 2021 Jun; 25(2): 320-334. doi: 10.1177/1367493520917863. Epub 2020 Apr 15. Erratum in: J Child Health Care. 2020 Jul 27;:1367493520945239. PMID: 32295414; PMCID: PMC8076837

CONNECTED HEALTH: THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY by Dawn Watson, Lead clinical application specialist at Tunstall Healthcare

  1. World Obesity Day 2022 – Accelerating action to stop obesity (who.int)
  2. World Health Organisation’s Cardiovascular diseases fact sheet.
  3. British Heart Foundation Factsheet England, February 2018


THE NUTRITION AND COVID-19 RECOVERY KNOWLEDGE HUB by Professor Mary Hickson, RD

  1. Pavli A, Theodoridou M, Maltezou HC (2021). Post-COVID Syndrome: Incidence, Clinical Spectrum, and Challenges for Primary Healthcare Professionals. Arch Med Res 52, 575-581
  2. Butler MJ, Barrientos RM (2020). The impact of nutrition on COVID-19 susceptibility and long-term consequences. Brain Behav Immun 87, 53-54
  3. Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L et al (2021). Characterising long-COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. EClinicalMedicine 38, 101019
  4. Zabetakis I, Lordan R, Norton C et al (2020). COVID-19: The Inflammation Link and the Role of Nutrition in Potential Mitigation. Nutrients 12
  5. Margetts BM, Thompson RL, Elia M et al (2003). Prevalence of risk of undernutrition is associated with poor health status in older people in the UK. Eur J Clin Nutr 57, 69-74